The effectiveness of hypnotic imagery on sports performance of athletes

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 PhD student in educational psychology, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran

2 Corresponding author: Associate Professor, Department of Movement Behavior and Sports Psychology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran.

3 Associate Professor of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of hypnotic imagery on sports performance of athletes. The method of this research was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of the research included the rowers of Tehran province in 2021. Due to the semi-experimental nature of the research, the research sample consisted of 30 participants (17 women and 13 men) who were selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into two groups, the control (15 people, including eight women and seven men) and experiment (15 people, including nine women and six men). In this research, univariate and multivariate covariance analysis tests were used to collect information from athletes' records and to check research hypotheses. The results of data analysis showed that hypnotic imagery has an effect on sports performance and has led to the improvement of athletes' performance (p<0.05). According to the results of this research, it can be said that one of the effective methods in improving the sports performance of rowers is hypnotic visualization

Keywords

Main Subjects


Smiley face

تسلیم‌بخش، زینب. صادقی، خیراله. پور اصغر، مهدی. احمدی، سیدمجتبی. (1396). بررسی ساختار عاملی، روایی، پایایی و نسخه فارسی مقیاس استعداد هیپنوتیزم‌پذیری استانفورد-فرم سی SHSS/C. مجله اندیشه و رفتار، 23(3)، 366-379.
تیموری، سمانه. (1391). تاثیر تصویرسازی هیپنوتیزمی و غیر هیپنوتیزمی بر عملکرد و یادداری مهارت پرتاب آزاد بسکتبال. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی.
حیدری، علیرضا. قاسمی، داوود. پاشا، غلامرضا. کمالی، علی حسین. عسگری، پرویز. (1389). تاثیر هیپنوتیزم بر عملکرد ورزشی بازیکنان فوتسال. اندیشه و رفتار در روان شناسی بالینی، 4(16)، 37-48.
راهنمای رودپشتی، فریدون. رستمی مازویی، نعمت. (1394). مروری برتئوری‌های روان‌شناسی در تحقیقات حسابداری مدیریت. حسابداری مدیریت، 8 (26)، 1-20.
زارعیان، سیدمجید. نیک آئین، زینت، واعظ موسوی، سیدکاظم. (1400). تدوین مدل کیفی توسعه جایگاه روان شناسی ورزشی در رشته‌های المپیکی و مدال آور. پژوهش‌های فیزیولوژی و مدیریت در ورزش، 13(1)، 171-186.
شفایی، جلال. (1388). بررسی تاثیر هیپنوتیزم در کاهش اضطراب رقابتی و افزایش عملکرد ورزشی ورزشکاران رزمی‌کار. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی.
شیدا خانقشلاقی، هاشم . (1393). تأثیر هیپنوتیزم و تمرین بدنی بر اکتساب و یاد داری مهارت یک خم کشتی. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد. دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، دانشکده تربیت بدنی و علوم ورزشی.
فتحی، مهدی. فیاض صابری، محمدحسین. (1390). هیپنوتیزم بالینی. انتشارات هور مهر.
Bagherpour, T., Hashim, H. A., Saha, S., & Ghosh, A. K. (2012). Effects of progressive muscle relaxation and internal imagery on competitive state anxiety inventory–2R among taekwondo athletes. International Proceedings of Economics Development & Research, 30, 218.
Baum, L. D. (2014). Hypnotic relaxation therapy: Principles and applications by Gary Elkins. In: Taylor & Francis.
Barker JB, Jones MV, Greenlees I. (2013). Using hypnosis to enhance self-efficacy in sport performers. Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology, 7(3), 228-47.
Chen, P. Y., Liu, Y. M., & Chen, M. L. (2017). The effect of hypnosis on anxiety in patients with cancer: A meta-analysis. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 14(3), 223-236.
Feltz, D. L., & Riessinger, C. A. (1990). Effects of in vivo emotive imagery and performance feedback on self-efficacy and muscular endurance. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 12(2), 132-143.
Fisch, S., Brinkhaus, B., & Teut, M. (2017). Hypnosis in patients with perceived stress–a systematic review. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 17(1), 1-12.
Hardy, L., Jones, G., & Gould, D. (2018). Understanding psychological preparation for sport: Theory and practice of elite performers. John Wiley & Sons.
Heyman, S. R. (1987). Research and interventions in sport psychology: Issues encountered in working with an amateur boxer. The Sport Psychologist, 1(3), 208-223.
Li, Z., & Li, S.-X. (2022). The Application of Hypnosis in Sports [Mini Review]. Frontiers in Psychology, 12.
Liggett, D. R. (2000). Enhancing imagery through hypnosis: a performance aid for athletes. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 43(2), 149-157.
Liggett, D. R., & Hamada, S. (1993). Enhancing the visualization of gymnasts. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 35(3), 190-197.
Lynn, S., J, E, Rhue, J., W, & Kirsch, I., E. (2010). Handbook of clinical hypnosis. American Psychological Association.
Mattle, S., Birrer, D., & Elfering, A. (2020). Feasibility of Hypnosis on Performance in Air Rifle Shooting Competition. Int J Clin Exp Hypn, 68(4), 521-529.
Mawdsley, J. E., Jenkins, D. G., Macey, M. G., Langmead, L., & Rampton, D. S. (2008). The effect of hypnosis on systemic and rectal mucosal measures of inflammation in ulcerative colitis. Official journal of the American College of Gastroenterology| ACG, 103(6), 1460-1469.
Morton, P. A. (2003). The hypnotic belay in alpine mountaineering: The use of self-hypnosis for the resolution of sports injuries and for performance enhancement. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 46(1), 45-51.
Mukhopadhyay, D. (2021). Mental Imagery and Self Hypnosis in Sports Performance. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology, 105-115.
Neumann, D., & Hohnke, E. (2018). Practice using performance goals enhances basketball free throw accuracy when tested under competition in elite players. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 13(2), 296-304.
Pates, J. (2019). Hypnosis in the Clutch. Biomedical Journal of Scientific and Technical Research, 23(2).
Pates, J., & Maynard, I. (2000). Effects of hypnosis on flow states and golf performance. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 91(3_suppl), 1057-1075.
Pates, J., & Palmi, J. (2002). The effects of hypnosis on flow states and performance. Journal of Excellence, 6, 48-62.
Phulkar A, Kagzi II. (2017). Effect of visualization and imagery training on sports performance      using sports hypnosis. International journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health,4(4), 330-333.
Ranganathan, V. K., Siemionow, V., Liu, J. Z., Sahgal, V., & Yue, G. H. (2004). From mental power to muscle power—gaining strength by using the mind. Neuropsychologia, 42(7), 944-956.
Straub, W. B., JJ (2016). A Review of the Development of Sport Hypnosis as a Performance Enhancement Method for Athletes. Journal of Psychology & Clinical Psychiatry, 6(6).
Thelwell, R. C., & Greenlees, I. A. (2003). Developing competitive endurance performance using mental skills training. The Sport Psychologist, 17(3), 318-337.
Unestahl, L.-E. (2018). Alert, eyes-open sport hypnosis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 61(2), 159-172.
Van Raalte, J. L., & Brewer, B. W. . (2014). Exploring Sport and Exercise Psychology (Third ed.). American Psychological Association.